Literature Review of the Industrial Wireless

Literature Review of the Industrial Wireless Industrial wireless infrastructure goes beyond a hand full of WSN in the field sending back information to a localised host system, the broader picture of a truly industrial wireless infrastructure envisages a system where the entire oil and gas facility is integrated wirelessly and all arms of the organisation can wirelessly access data from approved wireless devices from any location in the world. This provides a wireless platform for more efficient management, operation and maintenance of the oil and gas facility. This review focuses on WSN in the oil and gas industry, WSN resides in level zero of the ISA 95.01 hierarchy model. The oil and gas industry have utilised WSN for a number of years, up until the release of industry specific wireless technologies i.e. Wireless HART and ISA 100.11a, all of the oil and gas WSN install base were based on vendor proprietary technology, as a result there several operability issues with other vendors device and host systems [13]. Oil and gas facility operators and maintenance teams found themselves requiring multiple vendor devices and systems to meet the process application needs, resulting in high maintenance and operational costs defeating the purpose for having WSNs. The vast majority of the first generation WSN were based on basic office wireless technologies, as a result the first generation WSN where plagued with a number of issues namely; signal reliability, power usage, device processing capabilities, coverage area, suitability for use in hazardous areas, security and data latency issues. All these issues were a cause of major concern in the oil and gas industry towards the deployment of WSN. [14] Communication in the oil and gas industry demands the selected technology provides high availability, reliability, can coexistence with other networks on the plant, conform to an international standard, can operate in hazardous area, can transmit data in real time, is easily interoperable and is secure to outside intrusion and is cost effective [25]. All these requirements plus the ever changing RF environment and high levels electromagnetic noise from heavy duty machinery on an oil and gas facility has made it difficult over the years for WSN to prove successful and be considered the norm when considering communication technologies. The release of process industry specific WSN technologies like WirelessHART and ISA 100.11a, has significantly increased the interest in WSN in the oil and gas industry, it is estimated that investment in wireless infrastructure in the oil and gas industry will more than double from 1.2 million devices to over 3 million device between 2009 to 2015 [30]. With the advances in WSN technology, the potential of WSN to deliver a reduced CAPEX and OPEX cost savings, and possible health and safety and environmental benefits [25], is proving too attractive to be overlooked by oil and gas industry looking to reduce cost and improve plant safety. WSN are primarily based on the IEEE 802.15 family of technologies, which are designated as WPAN, WPAN typically consist of low data rates and a short coverage area [17]. WSN utilise a range of frequencies in the ISM band of frequencies i.e. 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, these frequencies propagate through office cubicles, drywall, wood and other materials found in homes and offices but tend to bounce of large object like steel and concrete. Due to the high density of steel structures in an oil and gas facility, the first generation of WSN where plague by signal echo or multi path fading , high levels of signal echo and multipath fading lead to transmissions been cancelled [14]. Some of the wireless technologies used in Industrial applications include; Bluetooth, ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a etc. IEEE 802.15.1 AKA Bluetooth is a short range radio technology which operates in 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band; it was first introduced by the telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994 as a wireless alternative for RS232 communication [18]. Bluetooth is relatively low-power, low-rate wireless network technology, intended for point-to-point communications [19]. Bluetooth operates with three different classes of devices namely Class 1 devices which have a range of about 100meters, class 2 devices which have a range of about 10 meters, and class 3 devices with a range of 1m [20]. Bluetooth operates based on the features of Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) and Forward Error Correction (FEC), AFH detects the potential for channel interference and blacklists channels found to have interference, to handle temporary interference the scheme re-tries the blacklisted channels and if the interference is no longer present channel can be used [31]. For security and authentication purposes an acknowledgement is sent by the receiver to the transmitter before a connection can be made between devices, Bluetooth also uses FHSS which adds an inherent level of security, the hop sequence switches channels 1,600 times per second making capturing a single hop extremely difficult. Data transmitted using Bluetooth is encoded before transmission increasing the security of the transmission also password protection ensures only devices with identical passwords can participate on the network. Bluetooth also utilises a controlled device pairing process to determine which products can co mmunicate, making devices invincible so they cannot be discovered by other devices [22]. Bluetooth is limited to eight devices per network and also has a limitation on the packet sizes [21]. This limitation in the number of device per network makes the Bluetooth technology an impractical solution for WSN in the Oil and gas industry. Typically the quantity of nodes in an oil and gas application would be in the hundreds which would mean have several Bluetooth networks on the facility. ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 and originally developed for home automation. It is a low-cost, low-power, short range, wireless, mesh network technology which operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses DSSS modulation. All nodes in a ZigBee network share the same channel and frequency hopping is not permitted, at start-up of a ZigBee network scans are carried to establish a channel with little or no interference, this channel is then used for its data transmission [23]. A ZigBee network is capable of supporting hundreds of devices, the network architecture can be star, tree or mesh topologies. The technology uses three different types of devices namely ZigBee end devices, ZigBee router and a ZigBee coordinator. ZigBee supports both non beacon and beacon enabled networks, non-beacon networks are allowed to transmit any time that the radio channel is open and idle. This creates a ‘free-for-all’ environment in which collisions occur regularly when two or more devices try to transmit at the same time. In this mode, the co-ordinator and routers must be active at all times, and so it is best suited to mains powered devices [24]. A beacon enabled network can transmit only in its designated time slot; this regulates transmissions making collisions less likely. All nodes in the network are expected to synchronize their on-board clocks to this frame. Each node is allocated a specific time-slot within this super-frame during which it, and only it, is allowed to transmit and receive its data [24]. ZigBee utilizes the security mechanisms defined by IEEE 802.15.4, it using counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code (CCM) and AES-128 encryption, giving the option to use encryption-only or integrity-only [23]. The technology permits the use of three keys namely Network key, Link key and Master key. To join the network the master key is required, for end-to-end data encryption the link key is required and provides the highest level of security, the network key is shared between all devices on the network and provides a lower level of security [23]. ZigBee networks offer no diversity in frequency since the whole network shares a single static channel, this makes the network highly susceptible to signal jamming. Frequency selective fading due to the high density of concrete and steel structures present in an oil and gas facility is also a major concern as this can stop all ZigBee communication. The use of a single static channel increases the chance of interference from other systems and increases delay as the network size grows. In non-beacon enabled networks collisions forces retransmissions and this increase latency time making the technology unsuitable for critical monitor or control applications [23]. ZigBee has existed for some time now and has been updated a number of times to improve features like reliability, latency and security which are of uttermost importance but ZigBee has still not been able to cope with the stringent requirements needed for reliable and secure data transmission on an oil and gas facility. Wireless HART is one of only two released open wireless technology specific for process measurement and control applications [25]. It is modelled on the OSI model with its physical layer bases on the IEEE 802.15.4 for low rate WPAN, it operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. The application layer is based on the oil and gas industry wide accepted HART protocol. The technology was released in 2007, and was developed on a set of fundamental requirements namely: it must be easy to use and deploy, it should be a self- organising and self- healing network and it should be scalable, reliable and secure [23]. Wireless HART employs TDMA where all devices on the network are time synchronised and communicate in a prescheduled 10ms fixed time slot, this reduces data collision on the network and also reduces the power consumption of network devices [23]. The Wireless HART network is made up of different devices which include field devices, network gateways which include network and security managers. Field devices are organized in either mesh or star topology with the gateway acting as a bridge between the field device network and the host system [20]. Mechanisms like DSSS, FHSS, CSMA/CA, channel hopping, channel black listing are adopted by the technology to improve coexistence with other wireless networks in the environs. WirelessHART adopts two routing mechanisms to ensure data reliability and availability these routing mechanisms are called graph and source routing. During graph routing the network manager establishes the different routes which form the graph, each device on the network stores these routes and uses the predefined routes to identify the next device to forward data to during data transmission. During source routing a definitive list of the devices from the source device through to the destination which the data is to be routed is included the data packet header [20]. Graph routing gives the WirelessHART the ability to self-heal if predetermined routes on the graph is unavailable an alternate route can be taken. WirelessHART adopts a mandatory security requirement, both the sending device and receiving device uses counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code (CCM) together with AES-128 as the underlining encryption methods. Session keys, joint keys and network keys ar e generated by the security manager and network manager to prevent intrusion and attacks against the network [23]. WirelessHART since its release has proven to be a reliable technology, it is well researched in both the academic and industrial fields with reputable instrumentation suppliers investing heavily the production and continued research and development of devices operating on the technology. The features and capabilities of the technology are addressed in more detail in section 4.1 of this report. ISA100.11a is the second of the two open wireless technology’s specific for process measurement and control applications, ISA 100.11a is a Low data rate wireless mesh network technology operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, it is modelled on the OSI model and adopts IEEE 802. 15.4 as its Physical layer. The technology was released in 2009 and is suitable for process applications where delays of up to 100ms can be tolerated [27]. ISA 100.11a technology aims to deliver Low energy consumption devices, easy scalable networks, interoperability with legacy infrastructure and applications, a secure and robust wireless network which is capable of coexisting with other wireless devices in the industrial work space [29]. An ISA-100.11a network is made up of non-routing and routing field devices, a system manager, a security manager, backbone routers and gateways. Non-routing devices are the field sensors / actuators, while routing devices could also act as field sensor/actuator or a router. Routing devices are important in the mesh network, data is transmitted from the source to the destination through a number of hops, with the routers responsible for routing the data to the right destination. They can also use alternative paths to improve reliability similar to WirelessHART network. Data packets are routed from one subnet over the backbone network to its destination, the backbone router is responsible for this routing function, the routing destination can be another subnet or the gateway. Thegatewayis the physical interface between the field network and the plant host network. The system manager is responsible for the administrative functions and communication configuration of the network [29]. ISA 100.11a supports frequency hopping and channel blacklisting, this eliminates faulty frequency bands and improves robustness against interference. The technology also uses DSSS modulation technique which divides the signal into small fragments and spreads it over the available frequency channels, this disguises the signal making it appear as noise to the other wireless technologies with in the range as a result overcoming interference and increasing communication reliability [28]. ISA.100.11a is a very robust technology, in addition to DSSS, the technology utilises three different diversity techniques, namely space diversity, frequency diversity and time diversity [28]. ISA100.11a utilises integrity checks and optional encryption to guarantee the security of the network, the technology also utilises AES-128 bits, message authentication and encryption codes. In addition to this a shared global key, a private symmetric key or certificate are required in order a for a sensor node to be permitted to join an ISA100.11a network [28]. The technology provides a synchronizing sampling mechanism, this mechanism provides reduction of reporting rates and transmissions can be configured to take place when the rate of change of the measured data exceeds a certain defined threshold. Adaptive transmission power control is also adopted by ISA 100.11a devices, this provides field devices the ability to dynamically select a transmit power level, thereby optimizing the power used by the device. Finally the routing capability of field devices can be turned on or off depending on the location of a device here by reducing the power demands of the device to suit the design requirements [28]. The application layer of ISA 100.11a is flexible and has tunnelling capabilities, this permits the user to maintain compatibility with oil and gas facility legacy protocols like Fieldbus Foundation, HART, Profibus, Modbus, and others [29]. ISA.100.11a adopts 6LoWPAN protocol for its network and transport layers, this offers interoperability with internet based hosts and sensor nodes in other WSN networks with IPv6 compatibility [20]. ISA 100.11a has proven to be a reliable WSN in the oil and gas industry, monitoring and alerting, asset management, predictive maintenance, condition monitoring are the application areas which have specific requirements and performance characteristics that can be covered by ISA.100.11a technology. ZigBee and Bluetooth are some of the technologies which have not really been accepted by the oil and gas industry as a means of wireless communication for process monitoring due to some shortfalls such as, ZigBee cannot provide the required QoS support for handling latency and message flow determinism required by industrial applications, ZigBee only utilizes DSSS hence its performance can easily degrade in case of continuous noise in the environs. Bluetooth on the other hand, isn’t sufficiently scalable to handle the vast number of measuring points on an oil and gas facility. However, WirelessHART and ISA100.11a technologies have been adopted for industrial applications due to their ability to deterministic data transmission, reliability, security, reduced data latency and low-cost features. WirelessHART does not support multiple protocols as ISA100.11a does, the transmission of HART messages are the only information specified and supported by WirelessHART while ISA 100.11a support most of the oil and gas legacy communication protocols like Foundation fieldbus, MODBUS, Profibus, HART etc. [28]. The extreme environments experienced on an oil and gas facility i.e. high temperatures, high level of EMI, large steel and concrete structures and constant movement of heavy machinery makes wireless communication highly unreliable in this environment. The release of industry specific technologies i.e. Wireless HART and ISA 100.11a has somewhat addressed the concerns over reliability, security, signal latency of a WSN, compliancy to the standards by wireless device vendors has also lead to operability across multiple vendor devices. Confidence has grown in the use of WSN since the release of industry specific technologies with a hand full of vendors and end users championing the way on WSN. The install base of WSN is continually increasing and this will aid the industry gain a better understand the technology. Till date majority of the install base are on purely monitoring only points due to latency concerns with WSN, further academic and industry based research is required in the use of WSN for fast acting closed loop control and safety critical applications with the aim resolving the latency issues associated with WSN.

Computers in Medicine :: Medical Technology Technological papers

Computers in Medicine In today’s society, there is a wide range of computer use. Almost every where you go today you are required to have some sort of basic understanding of how a computer is operated. In my report, I am going to tell you how computers are use in the field of medicine. There is a wide variety of use and need for a computer in the medical field. Some of the main points I will be discussing is why Health Care Professionals use computers, where computers are used in the Health System, while giving you some insight on computers in the medical field in which you may not have thought of. Computers are used by Health Care Professionals because they can help increase the productivity. This allows a health care facility to keep computerized medical records. With the programs, out there today this allows the physician to analyze a patient’s data statistically and mathematically. This leads to the use of multimedia patient records. A multimedia file is an image, text file, a video clip, and audio file: anything that can be displayed or played on your monitor or speakers. An example of this would be: A cardiologist can scan a patient’s EKG strip and attach the image to the patients record for future reference. By being able to store your patients data on a hard drive this will cut down on the amount of papers around the office, and the number of staff members a physician may need to hire. By having, a patient’s file stored in your computer memory could dramatically cut down the time it takes a physician to locate the necessary information needed for a particular patient. Not only can computers be beneficial to cutting down on the amount of work, it could also open the lines of communication between the patient and physician. If a physician begins to utilize e-mail, this could increase the amount of communication with patients. This could be beneficial to his/her practice. A computer is used in a wide variety of places throughout the Health Care System: Clerical stations for reports, memos, patients records, billing, statistics, insurance claims, charting and research graphics; Nursing stations for reports, patients records, hospital information systems; Medical instruments for patients monitors, medication delivery systems, and lab equipment. In Medical education, computers are used for Computer Aided Instructions, Computer Managed Instruction and Interactive Multi-media systems, and there are many more uses of the computer evolving such as, for diagnosis, research, Publication retrieval (National Library of

The Treadway Tire Company

The Treadway Tire Company in Lima, Ohio is faced with rather difficult times. These difficulties however are not due to lack of work with a down recession, or concerned with too much demand and not enough capacity to fill it. These issues are deep within the company and affect the organization very seriously every day. The lack of training, ineffective leadership and employee communication are the problems challenging the Treadway Tire Company as well as contributing continuously to their increasing turnover rate for consecutive years. According to industry standards, your employees can contribute to the success of your company when they are trained to perform their jobs. Training typically consists of several classes onsite or at different location during orientation. Some companies consider in-depth training an unnecessary expense and expect new employees to learn on the job from supervisors and older employees. However, this type of training is often inadequate and creates problems for the business. (Amo, 2013) As a result, Ashley Wall should implement a formal, organized training program that will emphasize all aspects of plant operations and labor education. The advantage of implementing a training program is that the foreman will be better equipped to do their job more effectively thus heightening their psychological empowerment and increasing job satisfaction. My research also suggests leadership training, employee development and professional – level seminars and workshops demonstrate the employer’s interest in tapping current human resources for higher-level roles within the organization through promotion-from-within policies and succession of plans. Ineffective leadership results from employers’ failure to provide support for employees who demonstrate aptitude and interest in promotional opportunities. Promoting employees without the benefit of basic of basic leadership training puts the employer at risk for high turnover and low productivity. It’s akin to setting the supervisor up for failure and it jeopardizes employee-supervisor relationships. (Mayhew, 2013) It has been my understanding that leadership training and employee development can help the new supervisor understand how to balance their dual responsibilities – managing department functions and managing people. When considering Treadway Tire Company, without leadership training, however, the supervisor will fail because they did not receive the training needed and employees who report to them suffer because of potentially poor employee-supervisor relationships. Lastly, when we consider employee communication, employers who communicate regularly with employees lessen the risk of creating a workforce that feels undervalued and unappreciated. Keeping employees informed about organizational changes, staffing plans and fluctuating business demands is one way to ensure employees remain with the company. Neglecting employee concerns about job security through lack of communication or excluding employees for discussions that can affect their job performance, such as policy or procedural changes, negatively impacts the way employees view their employer. Their views transform to dissatisfaction and finally low productivity due to low morale and disengagement. (Mayhew, 2013) In relation to the problems with lack of communication in Treadway Tire Company, implementing some type of Foreman training program would be one of the most effective ways to solve their communication challenges. In conclusion, it is my belief that the challenges in training, ineffective leadership responsibilities and lack in communication can all be resolved by the implementation of a training program for all current and future foremen ensuring the company is managed properly. I would recommend at the conclusion of each training session, the employees should be asked for feedback about the program so that it can be enhanced by further development to meet the evolving needs of the company.ReferencesAmo, T. (2013). The Negative Effects of a Lack of Training in the Workplace | Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effects-lack-training-workplace-45171.html Mayhew, R. (2013). What Are the Factors That Contribute to High Staff Turnover & Low Productivity? | Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-contribute-high-staff-turnover-low-pro

Tax Planning Proposals - 1022 Words

On July 18, the Federal Government announced their intention to restrict certain tax planning strategies available to shareholders of private corporations that they felt unfairly benefit business owners over salary-earning Canadians. The consultation period during which stakeholders were allowed to provide comments on the proposals ended on October 2, 2017. Ottawa’s original proposals were met with widespread criticism from the business community. As a result, during Small Business Week, October 16 - 20, some revisions were announced. The below summarizes the original proposals as well as where we currently stand. Income Sprinkling Income sprinkling is a method utilized by some business owners to transfer income to a family member in a†¦show more content†¦Details on how they plan to enact this legislation are forthcoming. The effective date of this proposal will be January 1, 2018. Ottawa will not move forward with the measures aimed at restricting use of the Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption (LCGE) as their proposal would have unintended and severe consequences on intergenerational transfers of a business. Passive Investments within Private Corporations A business owner that is generating excess cash on top of what they require to survive can take advantage of a tax deferral that is not available to salaried employees. The excess income generated can be invested in passive investments within the corporation. Since the excess income has been taxed at a lower corporate rate, this leaves more funds available for investment which allows for a higher level of compounding as well. Salaried employees are not in a position to be able to defer tax on an unlimited amount of income. Even though the business owner will eventually have to pay themselves dividends, Ottawa feels this deferral advantage gives them an unfair advantage over salary-earning Canadians. 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The Most Compelling Reason for Studying Religion Today is...

The Most Compelling Reason for Studying Religion Today For me, the word ‘religion’ conjures up images of wailing fat ladies dressed in their Sunday best singing at the top of their lungs about the glory of God. Of course, this image comes from my childhood when I attended the New Testament Church of God in Jamaica every Sunday, rain or shine, with my grandmother. For her, Church, Christianity and God was a way of life; a set of principles she believed in and lived by. For others less convinced, the idea of religion or ‘being religious’ is as far fetched as aliens and UFO’s. Throughout the centuries, religion has played an important part in shaping the political landscape of most modern societies†¦show more content†¦Does anyone have the right to question or challenge another person’s religious convictions regarding their morals and values? How should members of the western religions view those who practice ancient and seemingly barbaric forms of religion? 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Then, click Respond to add your thoughts to the discussion thread. | Topics Introductions (not graded, but required) | Intentional Torts in Healthcare (graded) | Most Pressing Ethical Issues (graded) | Q A Forum (not graded) | | Intentional Torts in Healthcare (graded) | Select one of the intentional torts discussed in your text and provide an example of how this tort takes place in healthcare. As

My Writing Experience My Experience In My Life - 921 Words

As a Human, throughout life there are many skills that are critical to acquire, during childhood and as you become older. One of the most important and useful skill you will need is writing. From first, learning to write words and sentences, to more advanced writing like essays. Everyone learns to write a little differently, some ways are learning from your parents or learning words and letters in kindergarten. As you get further down the path of life you develop higher skills of writing. As people grow up their life gets more advanced and difficult and they have to worry about more things; in a sense writing is the same way as you grow up you learn more skills and the requirements increase. For myself it was a lot different than others.†¦show more content†¦I remember the first time I went into my ESL class I was very nervous, I was scared because I did not know what was going on. That is how my first experience with writing went. This is where the river or the learning of writing started to advance in my life. During my elementary school life, I learned the basics of writing at the same time as learning a new language. At the end of 5th grade I was able to write full sentences and small paragraphs. I was at the level of reading that was equivalent to the rest of the kids in class. During this time, the river was going a constant speed. A couple months later after a hot and humid summer middle school came around. The first week of middle school was relaxed I had most of my classes with my fried which was awesome. This is where my lack of English had a big effect on my writing. My vocabulary was very bad and it was hard for me to understand things. I failed with an F, after that I realized that I needed to do something about it. I asked my 7th grade teacher how to improve my writing. She gave me 3 new words to learn every week and helped me write essays. The river needs help to run, a hill is like the teacher helping me learn to write up to the standar ds. The point in time when I learned to write essays and use detail and imagery was in high school. I was trying to get into running start and studied really hard for theShow MoreRelatedMy Positive Writing Experience : My Amazing Life Experience1397 Words   |  6 PagesMy Amazing Life Story Experience Writing my life story was an overwhelmingly positive experience for me. This story was an important story for me to tell because it is about the day that I met my sponsor child. That experience of meeting my sponsor child was an experience that changed my life because I was able to physically see the boy that I have been pouring into. 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Reflective Report and Learning Plan Successful of Business Session

Question: Describe about the Reflective Report and Learning Plan for Successful of Business Session. Answer: Introduction This has been a successful session as I have achieved my learning objectives as I had set out in my learning plan at the beginning of the session. Through the learning plan, I was able to develop a clear learning structure and reflecting through enables acquisition of greater progress that helps in the achievement of the identified objectives. The aim of this reflective report is to provide a self-evaluation of the learning needs in my first session of university study as set out in my learning plan (Yancey, 1998). The learning needs covered in this report include acquisition of academic writing skills, acquisition and boosting of my professional teaching skills, how to overcome anxiety and panic during class presentations and how to be an honest student when doing my academic work such as assignments and research. The report discusses these learning needs as pertains to my set goals, the strategies and resources I used, the constraints or challenges I faced along the way and what enabled me overcome the challenges and achieve the objectives in spite of the constraints and an in depth evaluation of the outcomes of each learning need and a reflection on the entire process of achieving the objective. Overcoming anxiety during class presentations My goal was to overcome shaking and trembling during presentations. For a long time, I had always been overcome by fear whenever asked to stand before the classroom. This hindered my presentations as I could tremble and even the words I uttered could not be heard. To overcome this issue, I employed the use of strategies such as 3 Ps; planning, practice and preparation (Bain, etal, 2002). In an attempt to ensure that this was being enhanced, I did presentations in my group comprising of five students, I made sure that each day I had a topic to present to them. During these presentations, I asked them to observe the effectiveness of my communication skills and correct me accordingly. Each day I came up with a new and better strategy such as carrying a note book where I highlighted the key points of presentation. In the course of these presentations, I encountered constraints that hindered my steady progress and as a result making my development slow (Pee, etal, 2002). For instance, many are the times I lacked adequate time to present to my group members. Most times I was free, one or two group members was committed in other duties. Furthermore, at most times I was overwhelmed with the school programme that I lacked a single minute to prepare for presentation. Despite the challenges, through attending seminars, lectures and sacrificing the little time I had to present to my group members, I am glad that today I can confidently present before an even larger group of people. Acquisition of academic writing skills As a career teacher, possession of academic writing skills is an essential tool to enable easy and smooth knowledge transfer to my future students. As a result, making short and precise sentences to form simple paragraphs that can be read and understood easily was my goal. To achieve this goal, I employed the use of strategies such as reviewing the internet for academic writing sources (Mass, 1991). I also attended seminars and lectures on effective academic writing. However, in this process, I encountered constraints such as lack of knowledge on the university standards of academic writing. Having just come from high school in the remote parts of upcountry, I lacked creativity skills and at the same time had no knowledge of the standard language of University academic writing (Collins, 1987). My passion in academic writing saw me constantly glued to the internet in search for skills. In the end, my writing skills have grown tremendously courtesy of on-line searches on the same. Acquisition and improvement of my professional teaching skills As a student pursuing a course leading to a career teaching profession, It is essential that I learn and acquire effective skills that will make me an efficient professional. As a result, it was my objective learning how to use teaching materials such as the blackboard. To achieve this goal, thrice a week, I taught at a local nearby school immediately after ending my lectures (Lea Street, 1998). Here, I had a chance to practice and perfect on using teaching materials such as the blackboard, charts and also to perfect on teaching techniques such as preparing teaching programmes and the overall class presentation skills. However in acquiring this objective, I encountered constraints such as lack of adequate time to concentrate on my course work and at the same time prepare for lessons in the nearby school. In this pursuit, many are the times I was at conflict with the administration of the school where I taught due to issues such as late reporting, failing to mark assignments and missing classes (Chung, etal, 1999). This was occasioned by the tight schedule I had to endure as I tried to balance between teaching and doing my own studies. Despite the fact that I faced the challenges, this experience gave me an overview of what to expect in my profession and how best to strike a balance in professional work. I believe today I am a better teacher than I were before the start of this session. Acquisition and maintaining Honesty and Transparency values when doing school assignments Long before I joined the university, I knew of the university as a place where students copy and present assignments of others, have assignments done for them, get others to the tasks given from the internet while others even have their final examinations and research papers done by other people for a pay (Carroll, etal, 1996). Having been brought up in a strictly Christian family, I grew up to learn and appreciate moral values such as honesty, transparency and a believe in hard work. Regardless of what all other students were going to do, I believed that I was going to eat my own sweat and that at no time would I copy assignment (ONeill, 1998). As a result, it was my goal to appreciate the work of other authors by providing proper citation in my work to avoid plagiarism. In order to achieve this, I would learn all the referencing styles and how to use them in citations of other authors work. Nonetheless, at the initial stages, I faced constraints since I did not know how to use some of the referencing styles such as Harvard. Moreover, I still lacked adequate skills in proper in sight referencing especially using the various referencing styles. For instance, when using the Harvard, style, I did not know that I was supposed to indicate page number in the insight referencing. However, to address these shortcomings, the internet was of great importance (Wroe Halsall, 2001). I also attended seminars where such skills were taught while at the same time reviewing written samples to observe how referencing using the various styles was done. In so doing, I have learned a lot on how to use the various referencing styles to cite different authors work and in the process avoid plagiarism. Ascending to the position of student leader All a long my education career, I have always been a student leader right from pre-unit where I served as the class prefect to high school where I was the school captain. On joining the university, I had the passion to advance my leadership and student servant skills by being the university student leader. Following this, my goal was to make enough necessary connections among the students to enable me get elected as the student leader. In order to achieve this, my strategy was to join Student Human Rights Associations through which I could make myself heard (Bizzaro, 2004). I was also to accumulate enough resources which would help in my campaigns and to acquire enough friends who would constitute my voters base. However, in so doing, I encountered a considerable number of constraints among them; lack of adequate resources, unfamiliarity since I was a new student and the general lack of enough forums where I could showcase my leadership prowess. This goal has seen me acquire so many friends within and without the university some of whom have promised to fund my campaign (Paku Lay, 2008). My human rights advocacy skills have also been sharpened and as a result I have been nick-named The Human Rights Fighter not only within the university but across the entire country. My confidence has also been boosted from once the shy guy to the famous articulative fellow on social issues such as human rights and environmental issues across the entire nation. Conclusion I can gladly say that my session has been a success as I have achieved a significant level of success ranging from academic writing skills, oral presentation skills, confidence, career development skills, moral values and even leadership skills. My grades will most certainly be good since I applied all the acquired skills to the latter in doing my assignments and my examination. Furthermore, I have no doubt I am going to be elected the next student leader of the university (Convery, 1993). Recommendations Based on what I was able to acquire, I believe I can do much to improve on my overall growth at the university and to cope well in my life out of the university. I should engage more in practical work to enhance my professional skills further. I need to indulge more in leadership activities such as attending leadership seminars to enhance my leadership skills. I ought to rad widely to enhance my academic skills. References Langer, J. A., Applebee, A. N. (1987). How Writing Shapes Thinking: A Study of Teaching and Learning. NCTE Research Report No. 22. National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 21802-222, $6.95 member, $8.95 nonmember).. Collins, A. (1987). Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Craft of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics. Technical Report No. 403. Yancey, K. B. (1998). Reflection in the writing classroom. Bain, J. D., Mills, C., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J. (2002). Developing reflection on practice through journal writing: Impacts of variations in the focus and level of feedback. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 8(2), 171-196. Pee, B., Woodman, T., Fry, H., Davenport, E. S. (2002). Appraising and assessing reflection in students' writing on a structured worksheet. Medical education, 36(6), 575-585. Maas, J. (1991). Writing and reflection in teacher education. Issues and practices in inquiry-oriented teacher education, 211-225. Lea, M. R., Street, B. V. (1998). Student writing in higher education: An academic literacies approach. Studies in higher education, 23(2), 157-172. Chung, S., Chung, M. J., Severance, C. (1999). Design of Support Tools and Knowledge Building in a Virtual University Course: Effect of Reflection and Self-Explanation Prompts. Carroll, S., Beyerlein, S., Ford, M., Apple, D. (1996, November). The Learning Assessment Journal as a tool for structured reflection in process education. In Frontiers in Education Conference, 1996. FIE'96. 26th Annual Conference., Proceedings of (Vol. 1, pp. 310-313). IEEE. O'Neill, P. (1998). From the writing process to the responding sequence: Incorporating self-assessment and reflection in the classroom. Teaching English in the Two Year College, 26(1), 61. Wroe, A., Halsall, R. (2001). School self-evaluation: measurement and reflection in the school improvement process. Research in Education, (65), 41. Bizzaro, P. (2004). Research and reflection in English studies: The special case of creative writing. College English, 66(3), 294-309. Paku, L., Lay, M. (2008, April). Reflection and review: Confessions of placement students. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the New Zealand Association for Cooperative Education (pp. 42-44). Convery, A. (1993). Developing fictional writing as a means of stimulating teacher reflection: A case study. Educational Action Research, 1(1), 135-151.